What Are the Necessary Materials Needed to Grow Field Crops on Earth?

Field Crops

Also attacked are field crops such as alfalfa, clover, soybean, sugarbeet, sunflower and tobacco, as well every bit woody plants such as apple tree, ruddy, hickory, maple, oak, redbud, rose, and walnut.

From: Handbook of Vegetable Pests , 2001

Operator and Field Worker Occupational Exposure Databases and Modeling

Curt Lunchick , ... Heinrich Wicke , in Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), 2010

53.7.3 11 Field Crop Clusters

The variety of crop profiles and re-entry activities within the field crop agronomic group is extensive. Examination of measured TC values indicated that foliage type appears to be an of import determinant of transfer potential. Within each leafage type, crop height and/or the nature of the activity itself appears to determine the magnitude and distribution of exposure. Therefore, the ARTF database includes the following field crop clusters:

Five smoothen-leaf field ingather clusters:

Sx: Smooth-leaf field crops: intense contact activities

Ssr: Polish-leaf field crops: scouting in row conditions

Sss: Polish-leaf field crops: scouting in solid stand atmospheric condition

SH: Shine-foliage field crops: hand harvesting and tying

SW: Polish-foliage field crops: hand weeding, thinning, and similar contact activities.

Iii hairy-leaf field ingather clusters:

HH: Hairy-foliage field crops: manus harvesting and similar contact activities

HHt: Hairy-leaf tobacco: hand harvesting and awning management

HS: Hairy-leafage field crops: scouting and similar contact activities.

Three waxy-leaf field ingather clusters:

Wm: Waxy-leaf field crops, medium tiptop: all activities, plus full leaf weeding

WlH: Waxy-leaf field crops, low acme: hand harvest and like contact activities

WlS: Waxy-leaf field crops, low height: scouting and like contact activities.

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Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement

Bernhard Kromp , in Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes, 1999

10.1 Introduction

Ingather fields tin can be very rich in arthropod species. For example, during 1 season, 86 carabid species were live trapped in a iv   ha organic winter-rye field with semi-natural surroundings in Eastern Austria (Kromp and Nitzlader, 1995). The carabid biodiversity in abundant land has two chief sources. The commencement source is the 'within-field' biodiversity of ingather-fields, which depends on site- (macroclimate, soil type, hydrogeology, topography) and cultivation-specific parameters (crop type, crop variety, cultivation intensity in terms of tillage, fertilizers, pesticides etc.). This source can be enhanced by avoiding adverse conditions or, more actively, by achieving proper cultivation systems (see respective sections of this article).

The following section deals with the second source of carabid species in the agricultural mural: the 'betwixt-field' biodiversity provided past the uncultivated environs of ingather fields, which, if linear in form, are referred to equally field margins. According to Greaves and Marshall (1987) and Thomas (1996) (in a preliminary try to unify the terminology), when speaking of field margins, it is necessary to distinguish amid 'boundaries' (east.g. hedges, windbreaks, ditches, streams, grass baulks, verges, forest edges) separating one field from the adjacent or its side by side land use ; 'purlieus strips' (due east.g. grass margins, herbaceous strips, fallow strips, farm tracks) situated between the boundary structure and the cropped area of the field; and 'crop margins' (crop edges), the outer edge of the cropped surface area of a field, sometimes cultivated separately equally conservation, managed or unfertilized headlands (Fig. 4).

Fig. iv. Schematic drawing of the different types of field boundary habitats (from BCPC-leaflet, publication date unknown, The management of Cereal field margins, British Crop Protection Council, Famham, Surrey, United kingdom, 6 p.).

Too their general significance for biodiversity and nature conservation, the principal emphasis in carabid inquiry on field surroundings is their possible contribution to natural pest regulation.

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Prospects of Field Crops for Phytoremediation of Contaminants

Poonam , ... A.K. Thukral , in Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance, Book ii, 2014

19.4 Field crops every bit hyperaccumulators and their potential for phytoremediation

Field crops are grown on a large scale for consumption purposes. They are ordinarily almanac with a life cycle of 3 to 5 months. Ingather plants can exist used for phytoremediation because they have high biomass production and can easily adapt to the changing surround ( Keller et al., 2003; Meers et al., 2005; Ciura et al., 2005). To be regarded as successful, phytoremediative agents of ingather plants must be able to tolerate, also as accumulate, significant amounts of pollutants (Angelova et al., 2011). Such crops can also have a commercial use equally fodder if pollutant accumulation does not exceed critical levels for livestock (Murillo et al., 1999). Yet, certain crops have the capability to accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals thereby making them unfit for consumption. Further, this wasteful biomass can be used for reextracting the accumulated metals by a process called phytomining. Other than nutrient crops, bioenergy crops take a peachy potential for phytoremediation because they can be used for both energy production and environmental cleanup.

To successfully carry out phytoremediation with field crops, it is necessary for the plants to be able to accrue significant levels of pollutants. Thus, hyperaccumulator field crops can be considered equally the nearly favorable contenders for phytoremediation. Hyperaccumulators have the unique ability to actively take upwards large amounts of pollutants especially metals, 100-fold higher than nonaccumulator plant species (Yang et al., 2005). All hyperaccumulators are tolerant to toxic substances; notwithstanding, they are very different from the category of tolerant plants that can exclude pollutants from inbound constitute systems. Therefore, tolerant species may besides include nonaccumulators.

Concentration of a pollutant that is taken up by the crop constitute system varies according to unlike species. Hyperaccumulator plants possess a greater potential to absorb pollutants from the soil, faster translocation from roots to shoots, and better mechanisms of sequestration of contaminants as compared to nonaccumulators (Rascio and Navari-Izzo, 2011). Amongst various types of pollutants, heavy metallic pollution has been studied widely, and hyperaccumulation mechanisms in plants have also been established in item. To absorb metals from the soil, the crop plants either release ligands to bind metals or acidify the rhizosphere with the assist of plasma membrane proton pumps (Peer et al., 2006).

The soluble metals enter the root system by symplast or apoplast. Farther, to enter the vascular arrangement of the plant, metals use pumps and channels of essential elements. The metals via xylem sap are translocated and deposited in the leaves of the found. After deposition in the leaves, the metals are detoxified by forming complexes to chelates present in the cellular system. Finally, the chelated metal in the jail cell is sequestered to an organelle where it is unable to interfere with normal cellular mechanisms; usually, they are sequestered in the vacuole. Still, these chelated metal complexes can also remain bound to the cell wall or in some cases are volatilized (Peer et al., 2006).

More than than 500 species of plants belonging to families, such as Brassicaceae, Sunflower family, Fabaceceae, Caryophyllaceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and others, take been reported to accrue metals in large quantities; those that perform maximum hyperaccumulators belong to Brassicaceae and Asteraceae (Ebbs et al., 1997; Sarma, 2011). Table 19.2 contains a list of nutrient crops that have potential for phytoremediation.

Table 19.ii. Food Crops with Probable Role in Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals

Plant Species	Mutual Name	Family unit	Metal Affinity	Reference(due south)
Brassica carinata	Ethiopian mustard	Brassicaceae	Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn	Marchiol et al. (2004)
Brassica juncea	Indian mustard	Brassicaceae	Ag, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, Se	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003); Bennett et al. (2003); Marchiol et al. (2004); Clemente et al. (2005); Haverkamp et al. (2007)
Brassica napus	Rapeseed	Brassicaceae	Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Cu	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003); Marchiol et al. (2004)
Festuca spp.	–	Poaceae	Cu, Zn	Alvarez et al. (2003)
Glycine max	Soybean	Fabaceae	Equally, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn	Fellet et al. (2007)
Helianthus annus	Sunflower	Asteraceae	Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Co, Pb	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003); Fellet et al. (2007); Marchiol et al. (2007)
Hordeum vulgare	Barley	Poaceae	Al, As, Cu, Zn, Pb	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003); Soriano and Fereres (2003)
Lolium perenne	Perrenial ryegrass	Poaceae	Cu, Pb, Zn	Alvarenga et al. (2009)
Medicago sativa	Alfalfa	Fabaceae	Cr, Lead, Cu, Cd, Every bit	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003); Pajuelo et al. (2007)
Oryza sativa	Rice	Poaceae	Cu, Atomic number 82, Zn	Murakami and Ae (2009)
Phaseolus vulgaris	Common edible bean	Fabaceae	As, Cu, Pb, Zn	Luo et al. (2005, 2008)
Pistia stratiotes	Water lettuce	Araceae	Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu	Sen et al. (1987); McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003)
Pisum sativum	Sweet pea	Fabaceae	Pb	Chen et al. (2004)
Raphanus sativus	Radish	Brassicaceae	Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn	Marchiol et al. (2004)
Sorghum bicolor	Sorghum	Poaceae	Equally, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn	Fellet et al. (2007); Marchiol et al. (2007)
Triticum secalotriticum	–	Poaceae	Every bit, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn	Soriano and Fereres (2003)
Vicia faba	Horse bean	Fabaceae	Al	McCutcheon and Schnoor (2003)
Zea mays	Maize	Poaceae	As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn	Luo et al. (2005); Fellet et al. (2007)

Source: Modified from Vamerali et al. (2010).

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Biotechnology Alters Plants to Run into the Requirements of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Industry

Hans-Walter Heldt , Birgit Piechulla , in Establish Biochemistry (5th Edition), 2021

Plant protection via Bt protein

Field crops are in great risk of attack by insects, for example, the Colorado beetle, originating in N America, can cause complete defoliation of potato fields, the larvae of the corn borer, by penetrating maize shoots, causes immense crop damage by feeding within the shoots, or the cotton borer prevents the germination of cotton fiber flowers by feeding inside the shoots.

It has been estimated that about ane-sixth of global plant nutrient production is lost due to insect pests. In gild to avoid serious crop losses, farmers very often have no option simply to utilise chemic pesticides. In one-time times, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as Ddt® or Aldrin® were used as very potent means of protection against insects. Since these compounds dethrone just very slowly and therefore accrue in the nutrient chain, they crusade damage to the surround and are now restricted in their apply, or even illegal in many countries. Nowadays, mostly organophosphorous compounds are used every bit insecticides, which, as phosphoesterase inhibitors, impair the nerve role at the site of the synapses. These compounds are readily degraded, but unfortunately destroy not only pests, but also useful insects such as bees, and are poisonous for humans. The threat to humans lies not so much in the pesticide residues in consumed plant material, simply primarily to people exposed while the insecticides are being practical.

Preparations from Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) have been used as culling biological insecticides (biological control agent). These leaner grade toxic peptides (Bt proteins) that bind to receptors in the intestines of some insects, thus impairing the uptake of nutrient. This inactivation of intestinal function causes the insect to starve to death. More than 100 unlike Bt proteins with relatively specific toxicity are applied to specific insects. Toxicological investigations have shown that Bt proteins are not harmful to humans. Bacterial suspensions containing the Bt protein accept been used for many years as an "organic" product to protect crops from insects. These preparations are relatively expensive, are easily washed off the leaves by rain, however larvae inside the plant shoots are non reached (e.g., the corn tapping and cotton tapping).

Diverse Bt proteins have been cloned to transform a number of plants. Although transgenic plants produce only very low amounts of the Bt protein (0.i% of full protein), it is more than enough to deter insects from eating the plant. The Bt protein is decomposed in soil and degraded in the man digestive tract in the aforementioned fashion as other proteins. On this basis, insect-resistant transformed varieties of, for example, maize and cotton fiber are grown worldwide on a large scale. The cultivation of insect-resistant transformed varieties has resulted in a substantial reduction in the utilize of pesticides.

The insertion of foreign genes encoding proteinase inhibitors is another method to protect plants from insect pests (Affiliate 12). Later on wounding (e.g., by insect set on or by fungal infection), the formation of proteinase inhibitors, which inhibit specific proteinases of animals and microorganisms, is induced in many plants. Insects feeding on these plants consume the inhibitor, whereby their digestive processes are disrupted with the result that the insect pest starves to death. The biosynthesis of these inhibitors is not restricted to the wound site, but often occurs in large areas of the institute, and thereby protects them from further attacks. Corresponding strange genes have been introduced into potato, lucerne (alfalfa), and tobacco. The proteinase inhibitors are not specific to certain insect groups. They are contained naturally in many foods, sometimes in relatively high concentrations, but they are destroyed by cooking. The expression of an amylase inhibitor in pea seeds, which prevents storage losses caused by the larvae of the pea protrude, is another case of how genetic engineering of plants offers protection against insect damage.

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Arthropod pests of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Peter A. Edde , in Field Ingather Arthropod Pests of Economical Importance, 2022

Nonchemical control

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Crop fields free from weeds typically suffer far less from cutworms than weedy ones.

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Plowing the country before using it as a tobacco plant bed or tobacco field may reduce the number of cutworms in the soil. Autumn plowing, for case, breaks many of the cells in which the insect passes the winter equally pupae, and pupae in these broken cells die. The effects of this practice will vary with the locality.

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If possible, avoid planting crops in fields with a known history of cutworm problems. Cutworm damage occurs when susceptible crops are planted in land formerly in grasslands, pasture, or meadow.

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Keep the land free of green vegetation by tillage for at least lx   d earlier setting tobacco or turn in autumn or winter to go along wintertime weeds downward. Partially starved wintering larvae produce moths that lay few or no eggs in the spring.

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Command of Plant Virus Diseases

Moshe Lapidot , ... Jane E. Polston , in Advances in Virus Research, 2014

7.4 Crinivirus management in transplanted crops

Many field crops begin in nurseries with propagation by seed or through cuttings or runners. In some crops, grafting is increasing in popularity as a means of introducing vigorous or highly resistant root systems that will benefit the institute once it is transplanted to the field. Whatever movement or manipulation of establish cloth inherently introduces the risk of virus infection. It is critical that nursery operations routinely monitor grafting stock for the most disquisitional viruses that could bear upon the crop one time information technology is in the field. This is particularly important when nursery facilities are located in areas known to harbor viruses of concern for the plant nursery crop or their insect vectors. Although such measures are important for preventing infection of nursery stock with all viruses, it is an especially significant business organization with regard to criniviruses. As noted, criniviruses have a lengthy latent period in nearly host plants ranging from slightly under 3–four weeks depending on the plant and virus. Due to the extended latent flow, a crinivirus introduced in the plant nursery can easily remain symptomless until it is transplanted in the field, resulting in introduction of the virus to the initial field and potentially to an entire production region. Although criniviruses are not as easily graft-transmitted as many other plant viruses, these viruses tin be introduced to healthy constitute material through graft unions. They are also maintained in rooted cuttings and tin can be difficult to monitor. Strawberry pallidosis-associated virus is known to increase in titer during the winter months, but titers can subtract to nearly undetectable levels during the summer (Tzanetakis et al., 2004). Such cycling of virus titers may occur with other crinivirus infections too, but such studies have not been conducted. Consequently, effective monitoring should be performed on plant nursery stock throughout the year, non only every bit plants are prepared for motility to the field.

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Cess and Modeling of Soil Available Phosphorus in Sustainable Cropping Systems

Noura Ziadi , ... Christian Morel , in Advances in Agronomy, 2013

4.1.1 Assumptions

In field crops and permanent grassland, P ions (Pi) in the soil solution represent about 1% of P taken upwards annually by crops and the remaining 99% is derived from the soil solid stage ( Grant et al., 2005). A simplified conceptual model describing the dynamics of soil available P in grassland (Fig. ii.3) was proposed by Messiga et al. (2012b). The model includes iii P pools and 2 fluxes to explain the annual P upkeep. Two P pools contribute directly to the dynamic pool of soil available P: solution Pi and solid phase Pi. Variations in solution Pi lucifer annual variations in the P upkeep.

Effigy ii.3. Construction of the P-cycling model describing the dynamics of plant-available soil P in grassland soils. The model includes three pools and ii fluxes accounting for annual P balances. The iii pools are the amount of P ions in solution, Q _w, calculated by multiplying the P ions concentration in solution (C _P) by the solution-to-soil ratio (10); the amount of soil diffusive P (Pr) that buffers P ions in solution with fourth dimension; and the total soil P (P _tot). The transfer of P ions at the solid-to-solution interface is described past a Freundlich kinetic equation that accounts for solution P ions, slow and fast kinetic transfers. This equation controls the division of P ions betwixt soil solution and soil deviating P. The two P fluxes are P input, P _TSP  =   amount of P added by fertilizer (triple super phosphate, 46% P₂O₅); P output, P _SHOOT  =   P removed in shoots at harvests. The P budget is the difference between annual P inputs and annual P outputs (Messiga et al., 2012b).

While Pi in the soil solution can exist measured with the water extraction method (Gallet et al., 2003; Messiga et al., 2010b; Morel et al., 2000; Sissingh, 1971), it is difficult to estimate the quantity of soil solid stage Pi considering this Pi is desorbed and mixed with Pi already present in the soil solution. Calculating the flux of P transferred between the ii phases permits estimation of solution and solid phase Pi pools. Three approaches are used to investigate the internet or gross rates of Pi transferred between solid and solution phases: sorption/desorption, EUF, and isotopic dilution methods. For simplicity, we present a instance that focuses on the isotopic exchange arroyo to determine the Pi flux. The isotopic dilution approach is similar to the conventional sorption/desorption arroyo considering (1) diffusive Pi (Pr) is assessed as the quantity factor (Beckett and White, 1964), (2) the rate of Pr transfer is the chapters factor, and (3) the ³²P fraction remaining in solution and the alter in desorption rate factors are described as a ability role with fourth dimension (Fardeau et al., 1985; Vadas et al., 2006).

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Sampling insects and controlling

David W. Held BS, MS, PhD , in Urban Landscape Entomology, 2020

Assessing damage and making decisions

In field crops, pest management decisions are based on the economic injury levels and economic thresholds. Thresholds are the numbers of insects per plant or plant office where action is needed to forbid populations from reaching a level where harm or crop loss occurs. In urban landscapes in that location are no yield losses to measure and most common landscape pests will not kill their host plants. At best, we can only determine loss of esthetics or replacement value should a lawn or tree be killed. Loss of esthetics can be challenging. A retired colleague at Auburn Academy introduced me to the phrase " esthetically dead plant." This is a landscape institute that is weakened past biotic or abiotic stresses to a point where information technology no longer has esthetic or functional utility. This could be smaller flowers produced by crape myrtle trees infested with crape myrtle bark scale (35) or the defoliation of hedges used as living fences between properties. The models used to determine economical thresholds for crops are not capable of using blossom size or functional value unless the harm is tied to some dollar value. This was one of the driving reasons backside the development of the principles of an esthetic injury level a term coined by Olkowski (36). The thought was to develop an esthetic injury level that would part like an economic injury level. The esthetic injury level would have similar calculations but would require human respondents to determine the association betwixt levels of injury and esthetic loss. Estimating impairment based on esthetics is non piece of cake. Values take been calculated successfully but not always successfully applied. Post-obit the development of this thought, a series of papers (28,37–xl) did the survey work and calculations for urban landscape pests. Common themes that emerged from this inquiry on esthetic injury level calculations were as follows: (1) calculated values for esthetic injury levels are very low; (2) consumers were able to discern very small amounts of esthetic injury; and (3) costs of sprays are low, 1-third, or less than the replacement costs of the infested plants. For case, the esthetic injury level for evergreen bagworm is well-nigh iv larvae per 1.2   m (4   ft) tree (37). Since the early 1990s, few boosted studies have calculated esthetic injury levels for pests, and the assumption that esthetic injury level is very low for ornamental plants and turfgrass has become more often than not accepted. That said, the context of the pest infestation in ornamentals can change the survey responses. Information technology is clear from research and observations that people are more tolerant of pest damage in the landscape than at the indicate of purchase (27).

Despite the limitations of our electric current awarding of esthetic injury level in urban landscapes, the impacts of the original works of Olkowski (37,41) on urban landscape integrated pest management (IPM) have largely been underappreciated. Olkowski (41), for example, originally raised most of the same concerns addressed in this volume. It seems the field is just now maturing into the vision outlined by Olkowski (41). The studies since the original esthetic injury level proposal recognize the high pesticide inputs in urban landscapes from the late 1960s–1980s and worked to apply ecological principles to reduce pesticide inputs. Table 5.two summarizes selected published studies where insecticide (or pesticide) use was compared before and after implementation of an IPM program. These IPM programs even so used insecticides but incorporated monitoring, biological controls, and cultural practices. Therefore, IPM is not intended to exist synonymous with organic. IPM works to reduce pest populations through economically and ecologically sound practices that minimize hazards to humans, beneficial species, and the environment. The selected studies have two common outcomes: (i) labor costs normally increment with IPM due to scouting and (2) pesticide utilize is reduced over time when IPM is applied.

Table 5.two. Select studies demonstrating pesticide reductions through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in landscapes.

Context or pest targeted	IPM components	Results
Orangestriped oakworm in Norfolk, Virginia (42)	• Established an esthetic injury level of 25% tree confusion reduced the need for the metropolis to spray on demand • Monitoring • Physical removal of egg masses • Using insecticides with reduced impacts on natural enemies	• Top annual pesticide use against this pest was 55,172   L (14,345 gallons) • Year 1 of IPM program produced an lxxx% reduction in insecticide use for the pest • No insecticide utilize for this pest subsequently 1999
Pilot program on five sites most Atlanta, GA (43)	• Biweekly scouting and IPM programme including pests and beneficials • Growing degree days to predict pest activities • Beat out samples	• Reductions in pesticide use 75%–99.iii% over ii years • Increment in lower toxicity insecticides • Labor costs increased but programme costs decreased over 2 years below pre-IPM costs
Penn-Del IPM subscription service (44)	• Programme • Growing degree days to predict pest activities • Plant phenological correlates	• Subscribers report 28%–41% reduction in pesticide employ
Landscape IPM program in Montgomery Co., Maryland (45)	• Biweekly scouting of pests and beneficials • Implemented cultural controls in addition to insecticides	• Backdrop were on cover spray programs • 47%–63% reduction in pesticide apply over the 2-year IPM program • Plan costs reduced 12%–31% • Labor costs increased • Most (81%) of residents indicated plant aesthetics improved on IPM
Homeowner and institutional IPM program in central Maryland (46)	• Biweekly scouting	• Subtract from 9 unlike insecticides and fungicides to 7 in 1 twelvemonth • 75% reduction in variable costs on IPM • Increase in lower toxicity pesticides on IPM • 10 plant species accounted for 21% of all pest issues
Homeowner and institutional IPM plan in fundamental Maryland (47)	• 26 properties	• 94% reduction in pesticide utilize
Street tree IPM plan in Berkley, CA (41)	• Applied esthetic injury level • Introduced natural enemies • Decisions made with an understanding of pest ecology	• 9 unlike insecticides used annually including 65 gallons of Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane • 3 insecticides in use later three years, 1 insecticide used after 5 years • Lower toxicity insecticides replaced more toxic materials

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SEED Evolution | Seed Product

R.E.L. Naylor , in Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, 2003

Harvesting

For well-nigh field crops at that place are two principal alternatives for harvesting seeds. The plants may exist cutting and left to dry in the field in windrows, followed past picking up with a harvester. Alternatively the plants may be sprayed with a desiccant and when this has achieved its event the crop harvested directly. Cutting and windrowing can atomic number 82 to big numbers of seeds falling on the ground and not being recovered. This can also pb to problems of volunteer plants in the post-obit crop. Desiccation can pb to higher seed recovery but must non be delayed otherwise the seeds may be shed. In some cases the seed needs to exist extracted from the fruit. After the seeds are obtained they may require to be dried in order to store them safely. Much data is available on environmental conditions which provide safe storage environments for seeds.

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Rice Genetic Resource in Tropical Islands

P.K. Singh , ... T.P. Swarnam , in Biodiversity and Climate Alter Adaptation in Tropical Islands, 2018

10.one Surface area and Diversity

Amidst the field crops under cultivation in Andaman and Nicobar Islands rice is the major ingather. Paddy ( O. sativa 50.) is the staple grain ingather of islands grown in 8500 ha area nether rainfed condition and is as popular amongst vegetarian as well as not-vegetarian population. Diverse preferences of the heterogeneous masses residing in ANI accept resulted into cultivation of a large number of traditional varieties/landraces of rice. At present well-nigh 50% of the rice expanse in the islands is under landraces. In rice the intra-specific diversity is relatively high. The major landraces which are usually grown by native population are C 14-8, Khusbayya, Gol Dhan, Red Burma, Ameta, Khochi Mushlay, White Jeera, Ranchi Dhan, White Burma and Black Burma.

These landraces were brought here by settlers from neighbouring countries and tribal areas of mainland of India. The settlers introduced the aforementioned rice varieties from their respective lands having characteristics of their indigenous nutrient habits and customs. Despite various efforts for introduction and cultivation of modern loftier yielding and semi-dwarf rice varieties, more than than 50% of the rice area is still nether traditional landraces. In rice, well-nigh 228 local collections of rice (O. sativa 50.) were submitted to National Agency of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi. Various landraces of rice trace their introduction from mainland India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand and Mainland china namely Ameta, Anamel, Appeem, Bhavani, Bhurkhuch, Black Burma, Blackness JeeraDhan, Burma Dhan, Chinese Dhan, Gol Burma, Jaganath, Jungle Dhan, Kapilee, Kho-Chu, Khushbaya, LalSwarna, Murkhul, Mushley, NamaDhan, Nona Dhan, White Burma, Jeera Chamba and Taichung Sen Yu and so on (Mandal et al., 2004).

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